German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle discovered the
planet Neptune at the Berlin Observatory.

Neptune, generally the eighth planet from the sun, was
postulated by the French astronomer Urbain-Jean-Joseph
Le Verrier, who calculated the approximate location of the
planet by studying gravity-induced disturbances in the
motions of Uranus. On September 23, 1846, Le Verrier
informed Galle of his findings, and the same night Galle
and his assistant Heinrich Louis d’Arrest identified
Neptune at their observatory in Berlin. Noting its movement
relative to background stars over 24 hours confirmed that it
was a planet.

The blue gas giant, which has a diameter four times that of
Earth, was named for the Roman god of the sea. It has eight
known moons, of which Triton is the largest, and a ring
system containing three bright and two dim rings. It completes
an orbit of the sun once every 165 years. In 1989, the U.S.
planetary spacecraft Voyager 2 was the first human
spacecraft to visit Neptune.

1838 painting of the New Berlin Observatory.

Johann Gottfried Galle
(June 9, 1812 – July 10, 1910)

On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued a
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which sets a date for
the freedom of more than 3 million enslaved in the United
States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery.

On September 21, 1780, during the American Revolution, American
General Benedict Arnold met with British Major John Andre to discuss
handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of
a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The
plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became
synonymous with the word “traitor.”

Arnold was born into a respected family in Norwich, Connecticut,
on January 14, 1741.  He died in London June 13, 1801 at age 60. He
had been in poor health for several months.

ED DANAHUE

Actress Sophia Loren (Sofia Villani Scicolone)
is 87years young today.

On September 19, 1957, the United States detonated a 1.7-kiloton
nuclear weapon in an underground tunnel at the Nevada Test Site
(NTS), a 1,375-square-mile research center located 65 miles north
of Las Vegas. The test, known as Rainier, was the first fully contained
underground detonation and produced no radioactive fallout. A
modified W-25 warhead weighing 218 pounds and measuring
25.7 inches in diameter and 17.4 inches in length was used
for the test. Rainier was part of a series of 29 nuclear weapons
and nuclear weapons safety tests known as Operation Plumbob
that were conducted at the NTS between May 28, 1957, and
October 7, 1957.