Thomas Edison announced his invention of the phonograph
in 1877.       

Edison stumbled on one of his great inventions—the phonograph—
while working on a way to record telephone communication at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. His work led him to
experiment with a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his
surprise, played back the short song he had recorded, “MARY
HAD A LITTLE LAMB”. Public demonstrations of the phonograph
made the Yankee inventor world famous, and he was dubbed the
“Wizard of Menlo Park.”

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is the 46th and current president
of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he
previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to
2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented
Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.

Twenty-four high-ranking Nazis go on trial in Nuremberg,
Germany, for atrocities committed during World War II 
began on November 20, 1945.

The Nuremberg trials were conducted by an international
tribunal made up of representatives from the United States,
the Soviet Union, France and Great Britain. It was the first
trial of its kind in history, and the defendants faced charges
ranging from crimes against peace, to crimes of war, to
crimes against humanity.

Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence, the British member, presided
over the proceedings, which lasted 10 months and consisted
of 216 court sessions.

Sir Frederick Geoffrey Lawrence
(5 April 1902 – 3 February 1967)

Hermann Goering in the witness box during the Nuremberg trials.

On November 19, 1863, at the dedication of a military        
cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, during the
American Civil War,  President Abraham Lincoln
delivered one of the most  memorable speeches in
American history. In fewer than 275 words, Lincoln  
brilliantly and movingly reminded a war-weary public
why the Union had to fight, and win, the Civil War. 

The Battle of Gettysburg, fought some four months
earlier, was  one of the single bloodiest battle of the
Civil War. Over the course  of three days, more than
45,000 men were killed, injured, captured or went
missing.        

The battle also proved to be the turning point of the war:
General Robert E. Lee’s defeat and retreat from Gettysburg
marked the last Confederate invasion of Northern territory
and the beginning of the Southern army’s ultimate decline.