The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison,
Alexander Graham Bell‘s Volta Laboratory made several
improvements in the 1880s and introduced the graphophone,
including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a
cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove
around the record. In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the
transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral
groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining
the term gramophone for disc record players.

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

 


Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr.
(March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963)

On November 20, 1923, the U.S. Patent Office grants Patent No.
1,475,074 to 46-year-old inventor and newspaperman Garrett
Morgan for his three-position traffic signal. Though Morgan’s
was not the first traffic signal (that one had been installed in
London in 1868), it was an important innovation nonetheless:

By having a third position besides just “Stop” and “Go,”
it regulated crossing vehicles more safely than earlier
signals had.

Morgan also invented a "safety hood smoke protection device"

Hermann Göring under cross-examination.

Twenty-four high-ranking Nazis went on trial in Nuremberg,
Germany, for atrocities committed during World War II 
beginning on November 20, 1945.

The Nuremberg trials were conducted by an international
tribunal made up of representatives from the United States,
the Soviet Union, France and Great Britain. It was the first
trial of its kind in history, and the defendants faced charges
ranging from crimes against peace, to crimes of war, to crimes
against humanity. Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence, the British
member, presided over the proceedings, which lasted 10 months
and consisted of 216 court sessions.

Nuremberg Palace of Justice, Nuremberg, Germany.

On November 19, 1863, at the dedication of a military cemetery
at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, during the American Civil War,
President Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the most memorable speeches in American history. In fewer than 275 words, Lincoln
brilliantly and movingly reminded a war-weary public why the
Union had to fight, and win, the Civil War.

The Battle of Gettysburg, fought some four months earlier, was
one of the single bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Over the course
of three days, more than 45,000 men were killed, injured, captured
or went missing. The battle also proved to be the turning point of
the war: General Robert E. Lee’s defeat and retreat from Gettysburg marked the last Confederate invasion of Northern territory and the beginning of the Southern army’s ultimate decline.

The original uncropped photo of the speakers stand at Gettysburg.

Abraham Lincoln’s original Gettysburg Address in an Illinois museum.